Certainty of Objects

Certainty of Objects – Equity & Trusts Law Flowchart

Simplify one of the most technical areas of equity and trusts English & Welsh law.
This Certainty of Objects Flowchart breaks down the rules and tests courts apply when determining whether a trust or power has sufficiently defined beneficiaries. Covering fixed trusts, discretionary trusts, and powers of appointment, it explains how the law distinguishes between conceptual and evidential certainty, administrative unworkability, and capriciousness. Designed for law students, tutors, and legal professionals, this visual guide makes understanding trust law principles clear and exam-ready.

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📘 Key Topics Covered:

• Fixed Trusts – The complete list test (IRC v Broadway Cottages Trust), conceptual and evidential certainty.

• Discretionary Trusts – The “given postulant” test (McPhail v Doulton), beneficiary identification, and trustee duties.

• Powers of Appointment – Fiduciary powers, trustee obligations (Re Hay’s Settlement Trusts).

• Case Law – Re Baden’s Deed Trust (No 2) (Sachs, Megaw & Stamp LJ approaches), Gulbenkian’s Settlement, OT Computers.

• Limitations – Administrative unworkability (Morice v Bishop of Durham), capriciousness (Re Manisty’s Settlement).

✅ Perfect For:

• Law students (LLB, GDL, SQE, A-levels) revising equity & trusts

• Tutors & lecturers teaching certainty tests in trusts law

• Solicitors & paralegals needing a clear reference tool

• Anyone tackling trust law problem questions in exams