Is it Directly Effective?

Is it Directly Effective? – EU Law Flowchart

Quickly determine whether EU law provisions can be directly enforced in English courts.
This Direct Effect Flowchart provides a clear, step-by-step guide to identifying when treaty articles, regulations, and directives have direct effect. It explains the Van Gend criteria, the Van Duyn test, and the Foster criteria for emanations of the state, with supporting case law. Perfect for law students, tutors, and legal professionals, this flowchart simplifies one of the most technical areas of EU law into an accessible, exam-ready tool.

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📘 Key Topics Covered:

• Treaty Articles & Regulations – Direct applicability and enforcement in domestic courts (Van Gend v Nederlandse, Defrenne v SABENA).

• Directives – Implementation obligations, vertical and horizontal direct effect, and criteria for enforceability (Van Duyn, Pubblico Ministero v Ratti).

• Emanation of the State – Foster criteria: public service, state control, and special powers (Foster v British Gas).

• Case Law Examples – Marshall v Southampton, Antonio Munoz v Frumar, Griffin v South West Water, NUT v St Mary’s.

• Limitations – When directives cannot be enforced against individuals.

✅ Perfect For:

• Law students (LLB, GDL, SQE, A-levels) studying EU law and constitutional principles

• Tutors & lecturers explaining direct and indirect effect

• Solicitors & paralegals working on EU–UK crossover law

• Anyone preparing for EU law exams or problem questions